a-2
blood
1/13 of the human body is made up of blood
angiogenesis – the formation of new blood vessels
cardiovascular – the system in the human body that transports blood
red blood cells form in the bone marrow
endothelium – thin layer of cells that line inner surface of every blood vessel
renal artery – the blood vessel that carries unfiltered blood from the aorta to the kidney
renin – enzyme that is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure
there are 4 types of cells in a bone
yellow bone marrow – acts as a storehouse for fats
bones
atlas – the highest vertebra that supports the skull
cartilage – a protective covering on the surface of bones
clavicle – one of the most commonly fractured bones of the body
coccyx – ‘tailbone’
human ankles – 7 tarsal bones
human foot – 26 bones
human skeleton – an adult human’s skeleton accounts for 14% of their body weight
human wrist – 8 bones
hyoid – the only bone that’s not connected to another
If laid end-to-end, the total length of all the blood vessels in a typical adult human would measure approximately 97,000 kilometres (60,273 miles).
ligament – a band of fibrous connective tissue connecting one bone to another
tendons are made of elastic tissue
tendons – connects muscle to bone
tibia – the larger bone in the lower leg
brain
basilar artery – located below the brain
hypothalamus – region of the brain that produces oxytocin in humans
broca area – the most important to speech function and the creation of articulate speech
meninges – membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
cells
total number of cells in the human body is approximately 10-50 trillion.
digestive system
abdominal cavity – the largest hollow space in a human body
cecum – received the undigested food material from the small intestine
cholesterol stones – the most common type of gallstone
epiglottis – prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
gastric mucosa – lines the inner surface of the stomach by a mucous membrane
oesophagus are approx. 25 cm (10 inches) in length
peristalsis – moves food down the esophagus
pylorus – the narrowest portion of the stomach
ear
malleus, incus, stapes – the three bones that, together, transmit sound to the inner ear
stapes – The smallest bone in the body
enzyme
secretin – enzyme discovered by William Maddock Bayliss and Ernest Henry Starling in the year 1902
glands
adrenal glands – located above the kidneys
adrenal glands – present as a pair in the human body
liver – the largest gland in the human body
pancreas – glands that function as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
parotid – largest salivary gland in the human body
eye
cornea – can be transplanted from a dead donor to a living person
cornea – part of the eye that has no blood vessels – humans blink approx. 15 times per minute
lachrymal – glands that produces tears
myopia – a condition in which an eyeball that is longer than typical from front to back
vitreous humour – transparent gel-like material in the eyeball
hair
arrector pili muscle – to make hairs stand on end.
hair follicle – the organ that produces hair
hair roots are located within the dermis
piloerection function – to trap warm air between hairs
sebum – an oily substance secreted onto hair
joint
A ball and socket joint is a synovial joint
knee – largest joint in the human body
synovial joints – highly movable joints
muscle
gluteus maximus – largest muscle in the buttocks
quadriceps femoris muscle – muscle group that covers the front and sides of the thigh
skeletal muscle – also known as voluntary muscle
soleus muscle – flat muscle of the calf located beneath the gastrocnemius muscle
tendon – tissue that connects muscle to bone
nails
cornification – keratinocytes forming a physical barrier
nails are made of keratin
nails do NOT contain melanin
nervous system
31 pairs of spinal nerves are in the human body
sciatic nerve – largest nerve in the human body
nose
septum – anatomical term for the area of the nose that separates the nostrils
tissue
adipose tissue – connective tissue made of fat cells
adipocyte – fat storage
black adipose tissue is NOT a type of adipose tissue
enamel – the hardest tissue in the human body
organs
appendix – attached to the cecum
duodenum – where the small intestine and bile and pancreatic ducts enter
ileum – the longest segment of the small intestine
small intestine – the largest internal organ
ureter – transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
heart
pericardium – the sac which surrounds the heart
systole – period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart
lung
diaphragm – the principal muscle of respiration
Humans breathe approximately 23000 times in one day
lobe – the left lung has two of these, but the right lung has three
lungs that are healthy will float in water
trachea– carries air from a person’s larynx to their lungs
epidermis
a basement membrane – a type of layer separates the epidermis from the dermis
albinism is a condition caused by lack of melanin synthesis
dermis function – to give flexibility to the skin
epidermis does NOT contain blood vessels
epidermis absorbs oxygen by diffusion with the surrounding air.
epidermis – main component is connetive tissue
secreting sweat is NOT a function of
keratinocytes are NOT part of the connective tissue in the dermis
keratinocytes provide the physical barrier of the skin.
langerhans cells – the immune cells in the epidermis
malignant melanoma is caused by
UVB radiation damage
melanin function – to protect the DNA in cells from UV radiation
melanocytes are located in epidermis
pore function – to secrete sweat
sebum is secreted from the subaceous
gland
stratified squamous epithelium – type of epithelium the epidermis is connective tissue in the dermis
sweat glands are located in the dermis
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