What difference is there between the composition of Lava and Magma?
Magma contains dissolved gases and lava does not
Which type of magma is most likely to erupt effusively from a shield volcano?
Hot, runny magma
A pyroclastic flow is formed when an explosive eruption produces a dense mixture of:
Hot gases and volcanic ash (shattered rock and pumice)
A sheet-like intrusion formed as magma pushes in between layers of rock is called:
a Sill
More commonly known as Louwala-Clough to the Klickitat Native American tribe, what stratovolcano erupted on May 18, 1980, and caused over $1.1 billion in damage in Washington according to the International Trade Commission?
Mount St. Helens
On May 18, 1980, what Washington State volcano erupted, killing more than 50 people and darkening the skies for hundreds of miles?
Mount St. Helens
A common mineral group produced by chemical (hydrolysis) weathering is:
Clay
Mass-wasting is a process that produces:
Landslips
U-shaped valleys, like the one in the photo, are formed by:
Ice
What is meant by the porosity of a rock?
The number of holes in the rock
A mixture of fine clay and larger rocks deposited by a glacier is known as
Boulder Clay
Large boulders of rock can be transported and deposited onto the ocean floor by:
Ice bergs
Conglomerate is a rock made up of rounded pebbles that have become cemented together. A sample of conglomerate from Scotland contains pebbles of granite. Which of the following is NOT true?
The granite pebbles are younger than the conglomerate
What property of gneiss makes it a good material for sea-defences?
It is hard and resistant to erosion
They are hard and do not wear away easily
What property of gabbro makes it a good material to use for worktops?
It can be polished to look attractive
uThe texture of a metamorphic rock like the one shown in the photo would be described as:
“Rocks that have formed by cooling of molten magma are called igneous rocks. All these rocks have …………… textures.” The missing word is:
Crystalline
Acid soils
Which of the following rocks is used to make cement?
Limestone
What property of marble makes it a good material to use for work-tops?
It can be polished to look attractive
What property of marble makes it vulnerable to weathering processes?
It can be dissolved by weak acids
Metamorphic rocks rarely contain fossils because:
Re-crystallisation of the rock usually destroys fossils
“Many metamorphic rocks re-crystallised deep in the Earth’s crust as they were heated and squashed up by immense forces. As a result, these metamorphic rocks often have ……………… textures”. The missing word is:
Which of the following rocks is used for making bricks?
Mudstone
What is the name of this dark igneous rock, nicknamed “nature’s glass,” that forms when molten lava cools at a rapid speed?
Obsidian
Sedimentary
What type of rock is formed by the accumulation of mineral at the Earth’s surface?
Sedimentary
Many sedimentary rocks are good building stones because:
They can be cut and carved to make large blocks
Sediment deposits are most likely to become deeply buried and compacted if:
The area where they are deposited is slowly subsiding (sinking)
What happens to the porosity of sediments during compaction?
Decreases
Which of the following sedimentary rocks is commonly weathered by solution?
Limestone
Which one of the following sedimentary rocks fizzes with dilute hydrochloric acid?
Limestone
Which of the following can be helpful in telling us the age of a sedimentary rock?
The type of fossils that it contains
What property of slate makes it a good material to use for roofing?
It splits easily into thin sheets
Which of the following provides the best evidence that rocks have been uplifted
Fossil sea-creatures found in rocks on a mountain-top
Mostly found shifting around under its water, what ocean is the namesake of Earth’s largest tectonic plate?
Pacific Ocean
In which type of environment would you be most likely to observe Biological weathering?
A rocky sea-shore
Chemical weathering is most likely to take place in environments that are:
Wet
Most erosion by the sea results from the action of:
Waves
Water has the power to split rocks because when it freezes, it
Expands
When a river “bursts its banks”, fine-grained sediments are deposited in the:
Floodplain
Which of the following is not a way that rivers transport sediment?
Subduction
In which type of environment would you be most likely to observe wind erosion?
A hot desert
Cross-bedded sands, like those shown in the photo, are NOT likely to have been deposited by:
Ice
The age of the Earth is thought to be about:
4,600 billion years
Folds and thrusts usually form when the Earth’s crust undergoes:
Compression (squashing)
Movement along faults in the Earth’s crust causes:
Earthquakes
Normal, reverse, strike-slip, and oblique are the four types of what things found in the Earth’s crust?
Faults
What is the name of the material making up the upper layer of the Earth’s crust? The name comes from the two most abundant elements in the material.
Dial
What B-word describes a hill with steep sides and a flat top? They are particularly known to U.S. residents for being in Montana.
Butte
A gigaannum is a term that represents a very long time—one billion years in fact. About 3.5 gigaannumms ago was when what critical process used to convert light energy into chemical energy is estimated to have begun?
Photosynthesis
In 2021, a geological study of what planet, named for the Roman goddess of love, discovered that parts of its rocky surface move in patterns similar to ocean pack ice on Earth?
Venus
Technically a quartz monzonite dome monadnock, and the largest bas-relief in the world, what Georgian landmark attracts over 4 million tourists per year?
Stone moun
What variety of quartz, with chemical formula SiO2, is pink and seems to be named after a red flower with prickly stems?
Rose quartz
Sometimes called the “fire of the desert,” what is the national gemstone of Australia?
Opal
What gemstone is a hydrated amorphous form of silica and has types such as Fire, Black, and Boulder? It is the birthstone for the month of October and a precious one of these often displays iridescence.
Opal
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