blood
1/13 of the human body is made up of blood
angiogenesis – the formation of new blood vessels
cardiovascular – the system in the human body that transports blood
red blood cells form in the bone marrow
endothelium – thin layer of cells that line inner surface of every blood vessel
renal artery – the blood vessel that carries unfiltered blood from the aorta to the kidney
renin – enzyme that is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure
there are 4 types of cells in a bone
yellow bone marrow – acts as a storehouse for fats
bones
atlas – the highest vertebra that supports the skull
cartilage – a protective covering on the surface of bones
clavicle – one of the most commonly fractured bones of the body
coccyx – ‘tailbone’
human ankles – 7 tarsal bones
human foot – 26 bones
human skeleton – an adult human’s skeleton accounts for 14% of their body weight
human wrist – 8 bones
hyoid – the only bone that’s not connected to another
If laid end-to-end, the total length of all the blood vessels in a typical adult human would measure approximately 97,000 kilometres (60,273 miles).
ligament – a band of fibrous connective tissue connecting one bone to another
tendons are made of elastic tissue
tendons – connects muscle to bone
tibia – the larger bone in the lower leg
brain
basilar artery – located below the brain
hypothalamus – region of the brain that produces oxytocin in humans
broca area – the most important to speech function and the creation of articulate speech
meninges – membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
cells
total number of cells in the human body is approximately 10-50 trillion.
digestive system
abdominal cavity – the largest hollow space in a human body
cecum – received the undigested food material from the small intestine
cholesterol stones – the most common type of gallstone
epiglottis – prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
gastric mucosa – lines the inner surface of the stomach by a mucous membrane
oesophagus are approx. 25 cm (10 inches) in length
peristalsis – moves food down the esophagus
pylorus – the narrowest portion of the stomach
ear
malleus, incus, stapes – the three bones that, together, transmit sound to the inner ear
stapes – The smallest bone in the body
enzyme
secretin – enzyme discovered by William Maddock Bayliss and Ernest Henry Starling in the year 1902
glands
adrenal glands – located above the kidneys
adrenal glands – present as a pair in the human body
liver – the largest gland in the human body
pancreas – glands that function as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
parotid – largest salivary gland in the human body
eye
cornea – can be transplanted from a dead donor to a living person
cornea – part of the eye that has no blood vessels
humans blink approx. 15 times per minute
lachrymal – glands that produces tears
myopia – a condition in which an eyeball that is longer than typical from front to back
vitreous humour – transparent gel-like material in the eyeball
hair
arrector pili muscle – to make hairs stand on end.
hair follicle – the organ that produces hair
hair roots are located within the dermis
piloerection function – to trap warm air between hairs
sebum – an oily substance secreted onto hair
joint
A ball and socket joint is a synovial joint
knee – largest joint in the human body
synovial joints – highly movable joints
muscle
gluteus maximus – largest muscle in the buttocks
quadriceps femoris muscle – muscle group that covers the front and sides of the thigh
skeletal muscle – also known as voluntary muscle
soleus muscle – flat muscle of the calf located beneath the gastrocnemius muscle
tendon – tissue that connects muscle to bone
nails
cornification – keratinocytes forming a physical barrier
nails are made of keratin
nails do NOT contain melanin
nerve
31 pairs of spinal nerves are in the human body
sciatic nerve – largest nerve in the human body
nose
septum – anatomical term for the area of the nose that separates the nostrils
tissue
adipose tissue – connective tissue made of fat cells
adipocyte – fat storage
black adipose tissue is NOT a type of adipose tissue
enamel – the hardest tissue in the human body
organs
appendix – attached to the cecum
duodenum – where the small intestine and bile and pancreatic ducts enter
ileum – the longest segment of the small intestine
small intestine – the largest internal organ
ureter – transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
heart
pericardium – the sac which surrounds the heart
systole – period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart
lung
diaphragm – the principal muscle of respiration
Humans breathe approximately 23000 times in one day
lobe – the left lung has two of these, but the right lung has three
lungs that are healthy will float in water
trachea– carries air from a person’s larynx to their lungs
skin
a basement membrane – a type of layer separates the epidermis from the dermis
albinism is a condition caused by lack of melanin synthesis
dermis function – to give flexibility to the skin
epidermis does NOT contain blood vessels
epidermis absorbs oxygen by diffusion with the surrounding air.
epidermis – main component is connetive tissue
secreting sweat is NOT a function of
keratinocytes are NOT part of the connective tissue in the dermis
keratinocytes provide the physical barrier of the skin.
langerhans cells – the immune cells in the epidermis
malignant melanoma is caused by
UVB radiation damage
melanin function – to protect the DNA in cells from UV radiation
melanocytes are located in epidermis
pore function – to secrete sweat
sebum is secreted from the subaceous
gland
stratified squamous epithelium – type of epithelium the epidermis is connective tissue in the dermis
sweat glands are located in the dermis
vitamin d synthesis triggered from exposure to sunlight
1.sweat pore
2.epidermis
3.meissner’s corpuscle
4.dermis
7. stratum corneum
8. stratum lucidum
9. stratum granulosum
12. sebaceous gland
14. hair follicle
15. pacinian corpuscle
hexafu 